The Judgment of Solomon

Context & Setting

• Main Biblical Reference: 1 Kings 3:16–28
• Historical Period: The early reign of Solomon during Israel’s monarchy
• Geographic Location: Israel; the royal court (Solomon’s seat of judgment)
• Key Characters: Solomon; two women; the living child

The Narrative

The Beginning:
Solomon, newly established as king, was approached with a hard case brought before his court. Two women lived in the same house and each had recently given birth. After one infant died during the night, both women claimed the surviving child.

The Middle:
With no witnesses and only conflicting testimony, the dispute could not be settled by ordinary evidence. Solomon ordered a sword and proposed dividing the living child in two, giving half to each woman. One woman agreed to the division, while the other pleaded that the child be given to her rival instead, so the child would live. Solomon recognized that the woman who chose the child’s life over her own claim was the true mother.

The End:
Solomon commanded that the child be given to the woman who begged for his life and refused to see him harmed. The judgment resolved the case and revealed Solomon’s discernment. The people of Israel heard of the decision and regarded the king with awe, recognizing wisdom from God in his ability to administer justice.

Theological Meaning

This account presents wisdom as a gift from God that enables righteous governance, not merely cleverness. Solomon’s judgment protects the vulnerable and seeks truth when human testimony is insufficient, reflecting God’s concern for justice in the life of the covenant people. The story also shows that legitimate authority in Israel’s monarchy was meant to serve life and uphold order under God, so that the community could flourish under faithful leadership.

Historical & Cultural Insight

In the ancient Near East, kings were expected to serve as the highest judges and guardians of justice, especially for those without social power. The narrative fits this royal ideal: the case is heard at the king’s court, and the public response emphasizes that just rulership was closely associated with divine favor and wisdom.

Key Memory Verse

“Give her the living child, and by no means put him to death; she is his mother.” — 1 Kings 3:27